A. Antibodies: Antibodies in vitro testing usually refer to immunoglobulins that bind to specific antigens and can be used to detect antigens in serum or other biological samples. For example, hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) or hepatitis B core antigen (HBcAg) in serum can be detected to diagnose hepatitis B virus infection.
B. Labeled molecules: In in vitro testing, a labeled molecule is a molecule labeled with a specific compound or fluorescent dye in order to detect their presence or activity in vivo or in vitro. For example, in PCR technology, DNA or RNA can be labeled with a fluorescent dye that is detected during the PCR reaction in order to determine the amplified DNA or RNA sequence without sequencing.
C. Standards and Controls: Standards and controls are used to compare in vitro test results with standard values to assess test accuracy or quality and make corrections. Standards are samples containing a known substance, such as amino acid standards, to quantify the presence of a substance. Controls are usually routine positive or negative biological material samples that are used to test for accuracy during analysis and to provide consistency testing.
D. Kits: Kits in vitro testing contain a variety of special chemical reagents that enable measurements to diagnose diseases or monitor physiological states by detecting different biomolecules in biological samples. For example, glucose, cholesterol, protein levels in the blood, with the help of kits, can be measured very simply and accurately. Kits can also be used for assay-specific quality control, such as PCR kits in PCR technology, which need to be prepared, diluted, and stored according to certain standard quality control procedures.